Nanotechnology. History |
Interesting Facts Ancient Egyptians used the paint to paint the hair black. A paste of lead oxide, lime, and water, mixed and the resulting nanoparticles galena, which have a size of up to five nanometers. Black pigment melanin was achieved, which was distributed in keratin hair. Coloring paste reacts with the sulfur and provides stability even hair color. [1]. Blue paint Mayan kept bright color to our days. It was prepared by mixing the particles of wood and clay indigo. Organic dyes are rapidly destroyed, but in conjunction with inorganic nanostructures formed a good defense. The famous Lycurgus Cup made ancient Roman craftsmen around the fourth century BC. He is green and opaque in the daylight. But if you put in a cup of light, the walls become translucent cup with a reddish tint. Damascus swords have a very solid steel blade that is razor cuts the hair on the fly. In the steel includes carbon nanotubes, which are formed by a special forging. The secrets of these productions indulged from generation to generation, and the reasons for these unique properties have not been investigated. Only after the appearance of nanoscience, scientists were able to find an explanation for this unique property.
Chronology of events 400 BC. The Greek philosopher Democritus first used the word "atom", which in Greek means "indivisible", for a description of the smallest particles of matter [2]. 1756. Immanuel Kant "Physical monadology". The first work, which examines the concept of "atom". 1847. English physicist Michael Faraday first studied the optical properties of nanosized gold colloids and thin films based on it (http://www.nanogallery.info/nanogallery/?ipg=126).
1905. Albert Einstein published a paper in which he showed that the size of a sugar molecule is about 1 nanometer. 1912. Ernest Rutherford in a series of subtle experiments proved that the atom is similar to the solar system, the center of which - a massive core, surrounded by light electrons revolve. This is how the planetary model of the atom.
1928. Irish inventor Edward Synge proposed a device scanning optical near field microscope (near-field optical microscope).
1931. Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska created the prototype of the first transmission electron microscope (TEM), which consists of two consecutive magnetic lenses), and subsequently has a resolution of 50 nm (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_microscope_technology).
1938. James Hillier and Albert Prebus collected the first practical transparent (transmission) electron microscope at the University of Toronto (Canada).
1955. Erwin Muller invented the field ion microscope, which allowed him to see individual atoms for the first time (http://www.rps.psu.edu/indepth/atom_microscope.html).
1959. Richard Feynman first published by analyzing the prospects for miniaturization. Nobel laureate Richard Feynman gave a lecture at the California University of Technology at the American Physical Society under the name of "Downstairs is full of places: an invitation to a new world of physics," which was first considered the possibility of creating nanoscale components and devices, a whole new way - by the piece "atomic "assembly. The scientist said: "While we are forced to use atomic structures that nature offers us," and then added: "But in principle, physicist could synthesize any substance for a given chemical formula" [3]. Start of nanotechnology is usually associated with a lecture by Professor Richard Feynman. 1968. Alfred Yi Cho and John R. Arthur developed the theoretical basis of molecular-beam epitaxy, used in obtaining quantum dots. 1970. Japanese scientist Eiji Osawa suggested the existence of a molecule of 60 carbon atoms, in the form of a truncated icosahedron.
1973. Quantum dots were discovered by Louis E. Brus in colloidal solutions and Alexey Ekimov in a glass matrix.
1974. Norio Taniguchi introduced into scientific use the term "nanotechnology" at the International Conference on industrial production in Tokyo. The term used to describe the hyperfine processing materials with nanometer precision, and mechanisms of nanometer size. 1981. Nobel Laureates Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer, working at that time in the IBM branch office in Zurich, created a scanning tunneling microscope (STM), is able to see a single atom [4].
1981. American scientist Herbert Gleiter first used the term "nanocrystalline". Later for the characteristics of the materials they used words such as "nanostructured", "nanophase" "nanocomposite", etc. 1985. Nobel laureate Robert Curl, Harold Kroto and Richard Smalley first investigated the properties of fullerenes. Them in the study of the mass spectra of the vapor graphite revealed large aggregates of C60 and C70, consisting respectively of 60 and 70 carbon atoms.
1986. American physicist Eric Drexler, in his book about the possibilities of nanotechnology, "Engines of Creation: the coming era of nanotechnology" based on biological models, introduced the concept of "molecular machines", and developed the ideas proposed by Feynman nanotech strategy "from the bottom up".
1989. Donald Eigler an employee of IBM, put the name of your company xenon atoms.
1990. German scientists Wolfgang Kretschmer and Kosta Fostiropolous developed a technology enabling production of fullerenes in large enough quantities. As it turned out, such complexes exist in the natural carbon minerals - zhung. 1991. Japanese scientist Sumio Iijima opens the carbon nanotubes.
1991. In Japan, the government launched a program to develop techniques to manipulate atoms and molecules (the project "Nuclear Technology"). 1992. Scientists Guo BC, Wei S, Purnell J., Buzza S., Castleman AW, Jr. found stable fullerene-like nanoparticles Ti8C12 1998. Dutch physicist Cees Dekker from Delft University of Technology has created a transistor using nanotubes, using them as molecules. For this he had the first in the world to measure the electrical conductivity of such a molecule.
1999. Wilson Ho and Hyojune Lee studied the chemical bonds, collecting molecules of carbonyl iron Fe(CO)2 of constituents: iron (Fe) and carbon monoxide (CO) - a scanning tunneling microscope (http://www.physics.uci.edu/~wilsonho/c&en112999.html) [5].
2000. U.S. supported the creation of the National Nanotechnology Initiative (National Nanotechnology Initiative). Nanotechnology research received government funding. U.S. launched a research program called Natsioanalnoy Nanotehnilogicheskoy Initiative (NNI) (http://nano.gov). 2000. Japanese Economic Association "Keidanren" (http://www.keidanren.or.jp/english/) organized a special section on nanotechnology in industrial and technical committee. 2002. Cees Dekker combined carbon nanotubes with DNA having a single nanomachines.
2003. Carlo Montemagno combined molecular motor (rotor) with nanoscale silicon devices. This opens up new possibilities for molecular nanomachines.
2003. Professor Feng Liu from the University of Utah, using experience Franz Giessibl, using atomic force microscopy images of the electron orbits constructed by analyzing their perturbation motion around the nucleus
2004. David Baker and Brian Kuhlman create new enzymes with altered function not found in nature
2004. Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov discovered graphene (allotropic modification of carbon), which is a single layer of carbon atoms.
2005. Christian Schafmeister has developed a new technology of synthesis of macromolecules with prescribed functions, shape and weight (from 1,000 to 10,000 daltons). In the future, it will synthesize molecular building blocks for the production of nanoscale (http://vsip.mgopu.ru/data/2033.doc).
2006. Erik Winfree and Paul WK Rothemund created a complex two-dimensional shape of the DNA structures, the so-called DNA origami
2006. James Tour and his colleagues at Rice University have created a nano-sized car made of oligo (phenylene ethynylene) with alkinilovymi axles and four spherical C60, in the form of wheels (buckyballs). Under the effect of rising temperatures, nanomachine moved to the gold surface. As a result of buckyballs turned the wheels in a conventional car (http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2006/March/29030603.asp).
2007. J. Fraser Stoddart synthesized a circular molecule that can change their properties under the influence of electricity. In the future, this will allow you to create molecular muscles (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ange.201206571/abstract) [6].
2008. Nobel Laureates in Chemistry Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie and Roger Y. Tsien fluorescent cells extracted from jellyfish and isolated them from the green fluorescent protein (green fluorescent protein - GFP). Green fluorescent protein - a substance through which the jellyfish glow in the dark
2009. Nadrian Seeman and his colleagues at New York University have created self-assembling DNA structures that can fold into 3D rhombohedral crystals, with the installed orientation
2009. Japanese scientists Yoshiaki Sugimoto, Masayuki Abe and Oscar Custance learned how to choose and manipulate individual atoms of silicon, tin and lead using an AFM probe, for the construction of complex molecular structures at room temperature
2010. IBM has developed a technology for ultra-fast and accurate lithography, which allows you to create 3D nanoscale textured surface. With the help of a silicon AFM tip was drawn relief map of the world, the size of 22 microns for the 2 min 23 sec 2011. German physicist Leonhard Grill used a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) to describe the electronic and mechanical properties of individual molecules and the polymer chains
2012. German physicists Gerhard Meyer, Leo Gross and Jascha Repp out of IBM Research Zurich obtained images of the electron charge distribution in the molecule, using scanning probe microscopy. This allowed sufficient detail to determine the structure of the individual molecules, as well as make and break specific chemical bonds (http://rnd.cnews.ru/news/line/index_science.shtml?2012/02/28/479275, http://p2p.kz/blog/interesting_in_the_world/217.html).
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Author: Alexander Pavlenko Note. The author owns the rights to the selection and arrangement of information. At some material (text, images, graphics) are hyperlinks by copyright compliance.
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